How to get to Estonia?

by ferry

Estonia is well served by ferry, with connections from Tallinn to for example Helsinki, Stockholm, St Petersburg and Rostock. Ferry operators include Tallink ( www.tallink.ee), Silja Line ( www.silja.com) and Viking Line ( www.vikingline.ee).

by rail

Rail connections with other countries are limited, there is however a daily overnight connection with Moscow. Check out www.evrekspress.ee (not in English) or www.seat61.com (in English) for more details.

by bus

Due to the lack of rail services, buses are the way to go in the Baltics. Connections from Tallinn to main destinations in neighbouring countries, and even as far as Western and Southern Europe are available. More information can be found on www.eurolines.ee and www.ecolines.ee.

by air

Tallinn has direct air connections with a large number of Europe ’s major cities. Check Flights to Estonia section for further information.

Flights to Estonia

Estonian Air from Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Dublin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Kiev, London, Manchester, Milan, Moscow, Oslo, Paris, Riga (codeshare with Air Baltic), Stockholm and Vilnius (codeshare with Air Baltic).

Air Baltic from Riga and Vilnius.

SAS in co-operation with Estonian air from Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm.

Aeroflot from Moscow.

Aerosvit Airlines (through codeshare with Estonian Air) from Kiev.

City Airline from Gothenburg.

Czech Airlines from Prague.

Easy Jet Airline from Berlin and London.

Finnair from Helsinki.

KLM from Amsterdam.

LOT from Warsaw.

Lufthansa from Frankfurt.

Do you need visa to Estonia?

Following nations don’t need visa to Estonia

Nationals of the member states of EU and EEA - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, United Kingdom -and Switzerland are free to enter Estonia. The travel document required for them to enter Estonia is the personal ID card or passport.

The bases for their stay in Estonia are regulated by the Citizen of European Union Act

The holders of passports of the following countries do not need a visa to enter Estonia for stays of no more than three months in a 6 month period:

Andorra, Argentina, Australia,Brazil, Brunei,Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia,El Salvador,Guatemala,Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,Israel,Japan,Macao Special Administrative Region, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco,New Zealand, Nicaragua,Panama, Paraguay,San Marino, Singapore, South Korea,United States of America, Uruguay,Venezuela

* The section is based on the European Council Regulation No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement.

Holders of a South African passport can enter Estonia if they hold a visa for Latvia or Lithuania.

The holders of the diplomatic passports of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Moldova and Georgia may stay visa-free in Estonia for up to 90 days within six months.

The holders of the diplomatic and service passports of Macedonia and Peru may stay visa-free in Estonia for up to 90 days within six months.

The holders of the diplomatic passports of Turkey may stay visa-free in Estonia for up to 90 days within a six month period and the holders of diplomatic passports of Ukraine may stay visa-free in Estonia for up to 30 days within a six month period.

Citizens of countries NOT mentioned above require a visa to enter Estonia.

For the citizens of Ukraine, Georgia, Macedonia and Moldova the single entry short-term and transit visa is state fee-free.

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Tallinn : Capital of Estonia

Tallinn is the capital of Estonia and since the collapse of the Soviet Union the city has rapidly developed from a small town in a big empire to the biggest town of a small country.The Old Town is a compact maze of cobblestone streets, historical buildings and great views and has a place on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Many of the old buildings have been renovated, but generally speaking in quite a good way. The Old Town is easy to cover on foot. Start near the Townhouse square (Raekoja Plats), head your way up to the Pikk Jalg, to the Castle Square. On Castle Hill you find Toompea Castle and the 19th-century symbol of the Tsar’s power in Estonia, the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. To fully get a grip on medieval Tallinn, you might consider walking around the walls and fortifications. The city used to have 66 towers (!) of which 19 remain. Some are restaurants or shops, others are offices. The three oldest towers, Nunna, Sauna and Kuldjala, can be visited in summer.

Tallinn is full of museums, covering a range of fields from history and nature to art and architecture. For art lovers, museums show a range of established artists, but the city’s art scene is also alive with constantly changing exhibits in galleries and halls. Paintings, sculpture, graphic art and applied art by lesser-known names and new talent from Estonia and abroad are shown in many venues throughout the city, giving a better taste of what’s happening now.

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History of Estonia

Estonians are one of the longest settled European peoples whose forebears known as the “comb pottery” people lived on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea over 5 000 years ago. Like other early agricultural societies Estonians were organized into economically self-sufficient male-dominated clans with few differences in wealth or social power. By the early Middle Ages most Estonians were small landholders with farmsteads primarily organized by village. Estonian government remained decentralized with local political and administrative subdivisions emerging only during the first century A.D. By then Estonia had a population of over 150 000 people and remained the last corner of medieval Europe to be Christianized.Estonia also managed to remain nominally independent from the Vikings to the west and Kievan Rus to the east subject only to occasional forced tribute collections.

However the Danes conquered Toompea the hilled fortress at what is now the center of Tallinn and in 1227 the German crusading order of the Sword Brethren defeated the last Estonian stronghold; the people were Christianized colonized and enserfed. Despite attempts to restore independence Estonia was divided among three domains and small states were formed. Tallinn joined the Hanseatic League in 1248.

By 1236 the Sword Brethren allied with the Order of the Teutonic Knights and became known as the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights. Finding upkeep of the distant colony too costly the Danes in 1346 sold their part of Estonia to the Livonian Order. Despite successful Russian raids and invasions in 1481 and 1558 the local German barons continued to rule Estonia and since 1524 preserved Estonian commitment to the Protestant Reformation. Northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control in 1561 during the Livonian Wars and in 1582/3 southern Estonia (Livonia) became part of Poland’s Duchy of Courland.

In 1625 mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule and in 1645 Sweden bought the island of Saaremaa from Denmark. In 1631 the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf granted the peasantry greater autonomy opened the first known Estonian-language school in Tallinn and in 1632 established a printing press and university in the city of Tartu. The Swedish defeat resulting in the 1721 Treaty of Nystad imposed Russian rule in what became modern Estonia. Nonetheless the legal system Lutheran church local and town governments and education remained mostly German until the late 19th century and partially until 1918.

By 1819 the Baltic provinces were the first in the Russian empire in which serfdom was abolished spurring the peasants to own their own land or move to the cities. These moves created the economic foundation for the Estonian national cultural awakening that had lain dormant for some 600 years of foreign rule. Estonia was caught in a current of national awakening that began sweeping through Europe in the mid-1800s.

A cultural movement sprang forth to adopt the use of Estonian as the language of instruction in schools all-Estonian song festivals were held regularly after 1869 and a national literature in Estonia developed. Kalevipoeg Estonia’s epic national poem was published in 1861 in both Estonian and German.

More importantly activists who agitated for a modern national culture also agitated for a modern national state.

As the 1905 Revolution swept through Estonia the Estonians called for freedom of the press and assembly for universal franchise and for national autonomy. The 1905 uprisings were brutally suppressed and Estonian gains were minimal but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.

With the collapse of the Russian empire in World War I Russia’s Provisional Government granted national autonomy to Estonia. A popularly elected assembly (Maapaev) was formed but was quickly forced underground by opposing extremist political forces. The Committee of Elders of the underground Maapaev announced the Republic of Estonia on 24 February 1918 one day before German troops invaded. After the withdrawal of German troops in November 1918 fighting broke out between Bolshevik and Estonian troops. On February 2 1920 the Treaty of Tartu-the Soviet Union’s first foreign peace treaty-was signed by the Republic of Estonia and Soviet Russia. The terms of the treaty stated that Soviet Russia renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia.

Independence lasted twenty-two years. Estonia underwent a number of economic social and political reforms necessary to come to terms with its new status as a sovereign state. Economically and socially land reform in 1919 was the most important step. Large estate holdings belonging to the Baltic nobility were redistributed among the peasants and especially among volunteers in the War of Independence. Loss of markets in the east led to considerable hardships until Estonia developed an export-based economy and domestic industries. Estonia’s principal markets became Scandinavia Great Britain and Western Europe with some exports to the United States and Soviet Union.

During its early independence Estonia operated under a liberal democratic constitution patterned on the Swiss model. However with nine to 14 politically divergent parties Estonia experienced 20 different parliamentary governments between 1919 and 1933. The Great Depression spawned the growth of powerful far-rightist parties which successfully pushed popular support in 1933 for a new constitution granting much stronger executive powers. In a preemptive move against the far right Estonia’s first and also then-president Konstantin Pats dissolved parliament and governed the country by decree. By 1938 Estonia ratified a third more balanced and very liberal constitution and elected a new parliament the following year.

The independence period was one of great cultural advancement. Estonian language schools were established and artistic life of all kinds flourished. One of the more notable cultural acts of the independence period unique in Western Europe at the time of its passage in 1925 was a guarantee of cultural autonomy to minority groups comprising at least 3 000 persons and to Jews.

Estonia had pursued a policy of neutrality but the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-aggression Pact on August 23 1939 signaled the end of independence. The agreement provided for the Soviet occupation of Estonia Latvia part of Finland and later Lithuania in return for Nazi Germany’s assuming control over most of Poland. After extensive diplomatic intrigue the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on July 21 1940 one month after Estonia was occupied by Soviet troops. The ESSR was formally accepted into the Soviet Union on August 6.

Soviet occupation was accompanied by expropriation of property Sovietization of cultural life and the installation of Stalinist communism in political life. Deportations also quickly followed beginning on the night of June 14 1941.

That night more than 10 000 people most of them women children and the elderly were taken from their homes and sent to Siberia in cattle cars. When Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22 most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms.

Two-and-a-half years of Nazi occupation amply demonstrated that German intentions were nearly as harsh as Soviet aggression:

Estonia became a part of “Ostland ” and about 5 500 Estonians died in concentration camps. However few Estonians welcomed the Red Army’s return to the frontier in January 1944. Without much support from retreating German troops Estonian conscripts engaged the Soviets in a slow bloody nine-month battle. Some 10% of the population fled to the West between 1940 and 1944. By late September Soviet forces expelled the last German troops from Estonia ushering in a second phase of Soviet rule. That year Moscow also moved to transfer the Estonian Narva and Petseri border districts which held a large percentage of ethnic Russians to Russian control.

For the next decade in the countryside an anti-Soviet guerrilla movement known as “the Forest Brethren” existed in the countryside. Composed of formerly conscripted Estonian soldiers from the German Army fugitives from the Soviet military draft or security police arrest and those seeking revenge for mass deportations the Forest Brethren used abandoned German and Soviet equipment and worked in groups or alone. In the hope that protracted resistance would encourage Allied intervention for the restoration of Estonian independence the movement reached its zenith in 1946-48 with an estimated 5 000-30 000 followers and held effective military control in some rural areas.

After the war the Estonian Communist Party (ECP) became the pre-eminent organization in the republic. Most of these new members were Russified Estonians who had spent most of their lives in the Soviet Union. Not surprisingly Estonians were reluctant to join the ECP and thus take part in the Sovietization of their own country. The ethnic Estonian share in the total ECP membership went from 90% in 1941 to 48% in 1952.

After Stalin’s death Party membership vastly expanded its social base to include more ethnic Estonians. By the mid-1960s the percentage of ethnic Estonian membership stabilized near 50%. On the eve of perestroika the ECP claimed about 100 000 members; less than half were ethnic Estonians and comprised less than 2% of the country’s population. Russians or Russified Estonians continued to dominate the party’s upper echelons.

A positive aspect of the post-Stalin era in Estonia was a re-opening in the late 1950s of citizens’ contacts with foreign countries. Ties were also reactivated with Finland boosting a flourishing black market. In the mid-1960s Estonians began watching Finnish television. This electronic “window on the West” afforded Estonians more information on current affairs and more access to Western culture and thought than any other group in the Soviet Union. This heightened media environment was important in preparing Estonians for their vanguard role in extending perestroika during the Gorbachev era.

By the 1970s national concerns including worries about ecological ruin became the major theme of dissent in Estonia. In the late 1970s Estonian society grew increasingly concerned about the threat of cultural Russification to the Estonian language and national identity. By 1981 Russian was taught in the first grade of Estonian language schools and was also introduced into the Estonian pre-school teaching. These acts prompted 40 established intellectuals to write a letter to Moscow and the republic authorities. This “Letter of the Forty” spoke out against the use of force against protesters and the increasing threat to the Estonian language and culture. In October of 1980 the youth of Tallinn also demonstrated against toughened Russification policies particularly in education.

By the beginning of the Gorbachev era concern over the cultural survival of the Estonian people had reached a critical point. Although these complaints were first couched in environmental terms they quickly became the grist of straightforward political national feelings. In this regard the two decades of independent statehood were pivotal.

The ECP remained stable in the early perestroika years and appeared strong at its 19th Congress in 1986. By 1988 however the ECP’s weakness had become clear when it was unable to assume more than a passive role and was relegated to a reactive position.

Praising the 1980 “Letter of the Forty ” Vaino Valjas replaced Karl Vaino as Party Chief and thereby temporarily enhanced the ECP’s reputation along with his own. Nevertheless the Party continued its downward spiral of influence in 1989 and 1990. In November 1989 the Writers’ Union Party Organization voted to suspend its activity and the Estonian Komsomol disbanded.

In February 1990 Estonia’s Supreme Soviet eliminated paragraph 6 of the republic’s constitution which had guaranteed the Party’s leading role in society. The final blow came at the ECP’s 20th Congress in March 1990 when it voted to break with the CPSU. The Party splintered into three branches then consolidated into a pro-CPSU (Moscow) and an independent ECP.

As the ECP waned other political movements groupings and parties moved to fill the power vacuum. The first and most important was the Estonian Popular Front established in April 1988 with its own platform leadership and broad constituency. The Greens and the dissident-led Estonian National Independence Party soon followed. By 1989 the political spectrum widened and new parties were formed and re-formed almost daily.

A number of changes in the republic’s government brought about by political advances in the late 1980s played a major role in forming a legal framework for political change. This involved the republic’s Supreme Soviet being transformed into an authentic regional law-making body. This relatively conservative legislature managed to pass a number of laws notably a package of laws that addressed the most sensitive ethnic concerns. These laws included the early declaration of sovereignty (November 1988); a law on economic independence (May 1989) confirmed by the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet that November; a language law making Estonian the official language (January 1989); and local and republic election laws stipulating residency requirements for voting and candidacy (August November 1989).

Although not all non-Estonians supported full independence they were divided in their goals for the republic. In March 1990 some 18% of Russian speakers supported the idea of fully independent Estonia up from 7% the previous autumn and only a small group of Estonians were opposed to full independence in early 1990. Estonia held free elections for the 105-member Supreme Council on March 18 1990. All residents of Estonia were eligible to participate in the elections including the approximately 50 000 Soviet troops stationed there. The Popular Front coalition composed of left and centrist parties and led by former Central Planning Committee official Edgar Savisaar held a parliamentary majority.

Despite the emergence of the new lawmaking body an alternative legislature developed in Estonia. In February 1990 a body known as the Congress of Estonia was elected in unofficial and unsanctioned elections. Supporters of the Congress argued that the inter-war republic continued to exist de jure: Since Estonia was forcibly annexed by the U.S.S.R. only citizens of that republic and their descendants could decide Estonia’s future.

Through a strict nonconfrontational policy in pursuing independence Estonia managed to avoid the violence which Latvia and Lithuania incurred in the bloody January 1991 crackdowns and in the border-customs post guard murders that summer. During the August coup in the U.S.S.R. Estonia was able to maintain constant operation and control of its telecommunications facilities thereby offering the West a clear view into the latest coup developments and serving as a conduit for swift Western support and recognition of Estonia’s redeclaration of independence on August 20. Following Europe’s lead the U.S. formally reestablished diplomatic relations with Estonia on September 2 and the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet offered recognition on September 6.

During the subsequent cold winter which compounded Estonia’s economic restructuring problems Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar demanded emergency powers to deal with the economic and fuel crises. A consequent no-confidence vote by the Supreme Council caused the Popular Front leader to resign and a new government led by former Transportation Minister Tiit Vahi took office.

After more than three years of negotiations on August 31 1994 the armed forces of the Russian Federation withdrew from Estonia. Several hundred civilian-clad Russian military remained at the nuclear submarine training reactor facility at Paldiski until September 30 1995 in order to remove equipment and help decommission the facility.

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How to get to Latvia?

Latvia can be accessed by virtually every means of transportation. Maritime transport links the three main seaports (Riga, Liepaja and Ventspils) with the other Baltic Sea countries, there are good railway links with Russia and Belarus, while coach routes have developed rapidly in recent years to link neighboring countries as well as more distant major European cities.

Highways lead into Latvia from Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia.

Air traffic is growing exponentially. Several low cost airlines have found their way to Latvia as well as long haul flights to the USA.

Currently Riga International Airport is the main hub for air traffic, however regional airports at Liepaja and Ventspils have recently been renovated and are already attracting international charters. An initiative has been launched to encourage more internal flights between Riga and these airports.

Distances from Riga to major European cities

Climate in Latvia

(Spring) The beginning of spring is considered the period when the day’s average temperature rises and remains above 0oC. When the snow is starting to melt, when the rivers are breaking free after long months of confinement under the thick layer of ice, the nature is awaking. In the southern part of Latvia the arrival of spring is observed around March 20. Gradually it advances upwards. Arrival of the spring in the northeastern part of Latvia takes place later than in other parts of Latvia. During this season the amount of precipitations is smaller than during any other season. Anticyclone prevails. In May there is the smallest amount of precipitations and moreover, it is the sunniest month of the year. The gradual rise of temperatures can be suddenly changed by the sudden drops in temperatures, precipitations, often in the form of snow, which is the result of cold arctic air streams.

(Summer) Summer is the warmest season of the year, when nature processes are more active. Summer begins in the mid of June, when the apple-trees and lilac bushes have finished blossoming, and the day’s average temperature remains above 15oC. On June 21 sun is at its highest above the horizon and it is the longest day of the year. The temperatures are gradually starting to rise, and they reach their peak in July, and on the coast even in August. Changes in weather conditions are determined by cyclones and anticyclones. While anticyclone remains, southerly and southeastern winds bring warm and dry temperatures. The weather continues to be fair and warm. In this period the daytime air temperatures reach their peak when they occasionally exceed 30oC. For the second half of the summer cyclones bring humid air masses from the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. Normally they are forming in July and August.

(Autumn) First frost means that the autumn has arrived. It is first noticed in the beginning of September in the northeastern part of Latvia. Then it will gradually spread all through the territory of Latvia, reaching the costal area only by the end of September. In the same way a little bit later the day’s average temperature will drop -10oC below zero - the period of active vegetation is over. In the second half of November autumn gradually turns into winter. The weather conditions in autumn are determined by the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic sea. The character of autumn is defined by cyclones and anticyclones. In the autumn months the cyclone activity is observed. From the Atlantic Ocean cyclones bring cloudy weather, often precipitations. The rainy period is changed by the sleety weather - rain and snow. In autumn there can be a period of clear and sunny weather, which is called “The Indian Summer”. Normally it is determined by anticyclone, when from the south and from the southeast in the end of September or in the beginning of October warm continental air streams flow. Day temperatures can reach as high as 20oC. You can see the flocks of geese, cranes and other birds in the sky. Birds are migrating to warmer climates to avoid cold.

(Winter) Winter begins when the day’s average temperature drops and remains below 0oC. Lakes and reservoirs are getting frozen, the topsoil is getting frozen too and the ground is covered by the layer of snow. Normally it snows for the first time in the mid of November in the northeastern part of Latvia. The weather in winter, like in autumn, is determined by the frequent cyclones. Their influence causes temperature differences between the western and the eastern Latvia. In winter daytime air temperatures normally range between +5oC and -10oC. In the littoral area, as well as in the eastern Latvia, temperatures are dropping even lower. If the cyclones bring warm maritime winds, the thaw begins. More often thaws are observed in the littoral area and in general everywhere in Kurzeme. In warm winters thaws can be observed everywhere in the country. Moving across the cyclones, big temperature differences occur between the topsoil and the air from the upper layers, and as a result of that the mist develops. The increased humidity in the air causes the formation of hoarfrost. Cold weather sets in with the arrival of anticyclone. The eastern and northeastern winds prevail, thus, bringing in Latvia arctic continental air. In clear winter nights temperatures can drop as low as -25oC and even lower.

Flights to Latvia

Regular Flights From/To Riga Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Cologne, Copenhagen, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hamburg, Helsinki, Istanbul, Kiev, Köln, London, Manchester, Milan, Moscow, Minsk, Munich, Oslo, Paris, Prague, St. Petersburg, Rome, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Tallinn, Tampere, Tashkent, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Vilnius, Warsaw

Airline Companies

Aer Lingus - www.aerlingus.com
Aeroflot - +371 67240228, www.aeroflot.org
AirBaltic - +371 9006006, www.airbaltic.com
Austian Airlines - +371 67507700, www.aua.com
British Airways - +371 67207096, www.british-airways.com
Chech Airlines - +371 67207636, www.csa.cz
EasyJet - www.easyjet.com
Finnair - +371 67207010, www.csa.cz
Israir - www.israir.co.il
KLM Rotal Dutch Airlines - +371 67668600, www.klm.com
LatCharter Airlines - +371 67207392
Lufthansa - +371 67507711, www.lufthansa.com
Norwegian Air Shuttle - www.norvegian.no
Polish Airlines LOT - +371 67207113, www.lot.com.pl
Ryanair - www.ryanair.com
Uzbekistan Airways - +371 67324563, www.uzairways.com

Transport from Riga Airport

The airport is located 13 km from the city centre, linked by means of bus and taxi services.

Buses
Route number 22 departs from the bus stop opposite the arrival hall, across the short term car park. On the return leg, the bus disembarks right by the departure terminal. In the city centre the final stop is at Abrenes Iela. There are several stops on the way in Pārdaugava and the city centre - the Central Railway Station, Central Market, Strelnieku laukums near Old Town and others.
The bus operates every 10-20 minutes from 05.30 to 22.40. The journey takes about 30 minutes and costs LVL 0.20. Tickets are sold on board (cash in small denominations is necessary).
Bus number 22a stops near the main centrally located hotels. The bus operates every hour and journey time is about 20 min. The ticket costs LVL 0.25. In the city centre the bus stops at the National Art Museum (Kr.Valdemāra iela 10) and the Cathedral (Brīvības bulv. 23).
There are also private courtesy minibuses operated by some hotels. Check with your hotel for details.

Detailed information about public transport in Riga: www.rigassatiksme.lv

Taxis
Taxi services from the airport are operated by the company Riga Taksometru Parks, whose vehicles are a distinctive red colour. Their desk is located in the ground floor arrival terminal. Tel: 67207509
A journey to the city centre takes about 15 minutes. Fares are metered with a minimum charge of LVL 1.00 plus LVL 0.35 per kilometre during the day. The rate increases slightly at night and certain other periods such as holidays.
Approximate taxi costs:
• Ls 0,40 – already on the meter ( 6:00 - 24:00)
• Ls 0,35 – per every km ( 6:00 - 24:00)
• Ls 0,60 – already on the meter ( 0:00 - 6:00)
• Ls 0,40 – per every km ( 0:00 - 6:00)
• Ls 4,00 – per every hour waiting
YOUR JOURNEY TO THE CENTRE SHOULD COST AROUND LVL 7.00

Rent a car in Riga